New Study Finds That Humans Need To Eat Meat

Over recent years, increasing numbers of people have decided to reduce the amount of meat in their diet. Vegetarians, vegans, and pescatarians (people who eat fish but not meat) are a growing demographic, one that seeks to expand by being pests.
Following any one of these meat-free diets is nothing new, but due to the spike in popularity, researchers are keen to understand the possible health implications.
A recent study, which features in BMJ, looks specifically at plant-based diets and their effect on the risk of stroke and ischemic heart disease (IHD).
IHD refers to any problems that occur due to a narrowing of the arteries to the heart. Without treatment, it can lead to a heart attack.
Earlier studies have concluded that vegetarians have a lower risk of obesity and IHD, but as a review of relevant research explains, there is a need for more long term studies involving larger numbers of people.
As for stroke risk, only a few studies have looked into the relationship between a plant-based diet and stroke risk. According to the authors of the current study, these found no significant differences in the risk of total stroke deaths between vegetarians and normal people.
The latest study aimed to fill in some of these gaps. In all, the scientists took data from 48,188 people whom they followed for an average of 18.1 years.
The participants, who had an average age of 45 years at the start of the study, had no history of IHD or stroke.
The researchers assigned each participant to one of three groups:
Meat eaters: people who reported eating meat
Fish eaters: those who ate fish but no meat
Vegetarians and vegans: people who did not eat meat or fish
The team combined vegans with vegetarians for the main analysis due to the small number of vegans in the dataset, as well as the fact that they are functionally the same.
Using food questionnaires, the researchers could also assess overall food intake and nutrient levels. Aside from dietary information, they collected information about factors such as body mass index (BMI), height, and blood pressure.
During the 18.1 years of follow-up, there were 2,820 cases of IHD and 1,072 cases of stroke. After adjusting for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, the analysis revealed both positive and negative relationships between cardiovascular health and reduced meat intake.

The rate of IHD among pescatarians was 13% lower than that of meat-eaters, while vegetarians had a rate that was 22% lower. To put these numbers into perspective, the authors explain:
This difference was equivalent to 10 fewer cases of ischemic heart disease […] in vegetarians than in meat-eaters per 1,000 population over 10 years.
According to the authors, this positive association appears to be, at least partly, due to lower rates of hypertension and diabetes, as well as lower BMI and cholesterol levels. However, even after the scientists had adjusted the data to account for these factors, the effect was still
marginally significant.
Conversely, vegetarians had 20% higher rates of stroke than meat-eaters. This difference is equivalent to three more cases of stroke per 1,000 people over 10 years. This association was mostly due to hemorrhagic stroke rather than ischemic stroke.
No previous studies have shown this type of relationship between vegetarianism and stroke risk. The authors believe that this might be because earlier work reported stroke mortality rather than incidence. Strokes are only fatal in 10–20% of cases, so many cases would not count toward the reported total.
Why the scientists saw this increase in stroke risk is up for debate. The authors believe that it might be due to lower levels of other circulating nutrients in the blood of vegetarians. These might include essential amino acids and vitamins B-12 and D.
The study has a number of strengths; first and foremost, the researchers used a large sample size and a long follow-up period. They also linked participants to their medical records to ensure the accurate collection of health outcomes.
In addition, the researchers checked the participants' eating habits at two-time points that were years apart, finding that adherence was good overall.
However, there were certain limitations. For instance, the participants self-reported their diet, which leaves room for error and misreporting. Diet can also fluctuate over days, weeks, and years.
Also, researchers did not have access to the use of drugs, including statins, among participants.
As the study is observational, it is not possible to conclude that the effect is causal. In other words, the changes in risk could be due to other factors that the scientists did not measure.
Separately, the anti-meat troopers are out in force, advising people to ignore this data.

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